The Evolution Of Flightless Birds - 1227 Words

Evolution occurs when an animal species develops new bodily structures and functions in order to adapt to their new environment. These developments are seen as positive adaptations that enhances survival. However, some animal species have lost these new developments. Based on the geographic location and climate, some evolutionary developments that are no longer needed are lost due to the fact that the new bodily structure itself does not enhance the chance of survival in a particular environment (Kirchman 2009; Vieites, et al. 2009). In most cases these lost developments are passed down through future generations and are never redeveloped. However, more information is needed to decide whether or not the loss of these evolutionary developments was due to natural selection or by random mutation over years (Wilkens and Strecker 2003). In this paper, I will examine three studies from a diversity of taxa, which illustrate the history of flightless birds, how climate has influenced the evo lution of salamanders and how life lived in darkness has influenced the blindness in cave fish. Together these studies depict how these evolutionary abilities are lost and their affects on the animal species. Krichman (2009) examined the ancestry of flightless birds (Gallirallus philippenesis) through the usage of genetic testing that were sampled throughout a range of ancestral species. This was to test a model of speciation where flightless birds were thought to have evolved from flying birdsShow MoreRelatedLife Is Fine1630 Words   |  7 PagesGRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES (new content framework) Exemplar Assignment: Evolution - evidence MAY 2011 MARKS: 70 TIME: 1 hour 10 minutes This assignment consists of 10 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. Answer ALL the questions. Write ALL the answers on your ANSWER SHEET. Start EACH question on a NEW page. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system usedRead MoreRemembering the Flightles, Giant Moa Bird1597 Words   |  6 PagesBeautiful islands filled with exotic, large, endemic birds and other mega-fauna seems like a pipe dream from science fiction writers such as Michael Crichton, however on the island of New Zealand in the south Pacific Ocean, this pipe dream was real and had the pleasure of calling itself home to the extinct, exotic, flightless bird species of the giant moa (Dinornis, Megalapteryx) (Bunce et al. 2009). Stories of it’s glory and extinction of the moa have been passed down from generation to generationRead MoreNew Australi New Zealand1529 Words   |  7 Pageshave highway systems. Though the difficult terrain of the count ry often can make for slow journeys. The vegetation of New Zealand consisted of mixed forest covering perhaps two-thirds of the total land area. The islands’ isolation encouraged the evolution of species unknown to the rest of the world. Today dense â€Å"bush† survives only in areas unsuitable for settlement and in parks and reserves. On the coast of the South Island, this mixed forest still yields most of the native timber used by industryRead MoreThe Pleistocene epoch was a time period of almost 2 million years of repeating glaciation around700 Words   |  3 Pagesmany mammals and vertebrates that can be identified today were found during this time (Zimmermann, 2013). The Pleistocene epoch is an important foundation for understanding life that exists today, including carnivores, herbivores as well as the evolution of humans. Fossil preservation has always been the most accurate way to determine what species lived during a specific time period. Through correlations and radiometric dating, time periods have become more accurate and being able to tell what livedRead MoreComparing The Penguin The Flightless Bird And The Great Northerner Diver1841 Words   |  8 PagesTopic: Compare and contrast the Penguin the flightless bird and the Great Northerner diver. I. Introduction The two species I will be writing about is the Emperor penguin and the Great norther diver they are both are from the class Aves (Magnuson, 2007) .In addition, the emperor penguin since is in the class Aves, the penguins used to be able to flight which is an adaptive trait (Elliott et al., 2013).In addition, physiologically they look different the Emperor penguin looks bigger and can’t flyRead MoreThe Study Of Evolution And Evolution1276 Words   |  6 PagesTHE STUDY OF EVOLUTION ------------------------------------------------------ The study of Evolution has been a hot topic of controversy over the last two centuries. The definition of evolutionary biology itself generally refers to an area of biological study mixed with the study of the evolutionary processes that are produced by the diversity of life on Earth. This tour of centuries ago, the one you are about to take will help you gain a better understanding of not only those who haveRead MoreModern Birds : The Neornithes2788 Words   |  12 PagesOur modern birds, the Neornithes, has been divided into two â€Å"super-orders,† the Palaeognathae (ratites and tinamous) and the Neognathae (other bird orders). Palaeognathae itself is divided into two orders, the Strathioniformes and Tinamiformes. There are five extant species and two extinct species in the Strathioniformes, or the ratites. In total, there are at least 30 species within the ratites family. 16 of these species are now extinct. The rest of the extant species make up only 0.1% of the totalRea d MoreCase Study : Animal Cloning : Moa ( Dinornithidae ) And Sheep ( Ovis Aries )1431 Words   |  6 Pagesfossilised Moa. The nucleus (containing the organism DNA) can then be extracted from the cell and placed into a donor egg. This egg has to be similar to one of the moa. For example, to revive the moa the donor egg could come from another species of bird such as the ostrich that shares a similar ancestor. This cell could now be implanted into a surrogate mother (most likely to also be an ostrich) which can give birth to the Moa – bringing back the extinct. The first attempt at bringing back an extinctRead MoreDivision and Classification Essay (Reptiles)1367 Words   |  6 PagesSphenodontia, Squamata, and Testudines (Wikipedia, Reptiles). The domain Crocodilia contains the family’s alligator, caimen, crocodile, and gharial. There are twenty-three species contained in this domain, and they are the closest living relatives to birds. This order had been in existence for the past 84 million years since the dawn of the Cretaceous period. The crocodilian species ranges in size from a four to five- foot Cuvier’s Dwarf Caimen, all the way up to the twenty-foot Saltwater Crocodile (whichRead MoreDiversity in the Galapagos Islands861 Words   |  3 Pagesvarieties of natural and introduced plant life. Charles Darwin was born February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. He sailed on the HMS Beagle in 1831. He knew he was going to the Galapagos, but he didnt know that he would discover the theory of evolution. The plants on the Galapagos Island are very tropical and numerous in varietes. According to the Galapagos Conservancy there are about six hundred and forty native species of of plants on the Galapagos Islands. There are about eight hundred and

Cause/Effect How Technology Influences Personal Relationships

A young woman misses the last bus because her nose is buried in a Nook. A teenage boy dumps his girlfriend of two years for a stranger he just met on Facebook. A group of kids get in a fatal car accident because the driver was texting. All of these people are real life examples of the negative impacts of digital technology on society. Technology has been evolving for hundreds of years. As it has become more advanced, the more it has taken a hold of the community. Digital technology is universal and there is no way to avoid it, but people need to start using it more responsibly. Everything gets taken for granted now that there are so many technological sources. Although there are a moderate amount of positive effects, the negative aspects†¦show more content†¦A wall is created and distraction is always present. Texting while another person is talking can be put on the same level as talking and interrupting the same person that is already speaking. Society, especially schools, considers that type of behavior particularly disrespectful. Why then, has technology usage during real life conversations become socially acceptable? Not only does it create a distraction when conversing, but in more serious matters as well. Driving while using any sort of digital technology is the same as driving blind folded. Too many technologically related accidents have been reported to accept that it is still occurring. Though not all distractions are life threatening, such as missing the bus because a cell phone was the main focus instead, but they all have consequences that multiple people become connected to. Lutz Koepnick, a media professor at Washington University who studies digital culture feels that â€Å"The transformation of the American living room into a multiscreen communication and entertainment hub promises to ‘change our domestic sphere’†¦ Individual family members might find themselves contently to parallel worlds almost all of the time.â⠂¬  It is clearly evident that technology has fully infiltrated the lives of everyone in this information age. Families within the same household are becoming divided over the strong influence of digital media. Even experts on the subject are affected all throughout their daily lives. Digital distraction,Show MoreRelatedFrom The Frying Pan Into The Fire1611 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the development of human history, economy and technology have been changed in many ways. Development of technology allows people to be in the industrial society, and capitalism takes an important position as an economic system. In order to develop technology, efficiency is necessary. Because of this reason, capitalism also focuses on efficiency seeking to make more profits. As the coming of technology and capitalism society develop the modernity in daily life, efficiency seeking is not onlyRead MoreThe Effects On Relationships From Social Media1171 Words   |  5 PagesKayla Joseph Rebecca Mitchell English 603-HSZ-VA May 9, 2017 The Effects on Relationships from Social Media Social media is incorporated in our everyday lives. It is used mostly to stay connected with friends, family and the media world in general, but sometimes, it is used in different ways in such it can have an effect on relationships. The issue about social media and relationships is that it can cause a lot of issues such as disloyalty, trust issues, etc. It is much easier to cheat on your partnerRead MoreEnvironmental Factors of Human Growth1610 Words   |  7 Pagesenvironment, but do you stop to think what it really means, what it contains, and how it affects you? The actual definition of environment is the circumstances, objects, or conditions by which one is surrounded (Merriam-Webster dictionary). Your environment greatly impacts the way you are as a human being. Each and every one of your life experiences are influenced by your environment. Your environment determines if or how your potential to develop is reached. Family, friends, home, school, etc. are allRead MoreIs Facebook Killing Our Souls?1588 Words   |  7 Pagesmiles away. The astonishing speed of how quick we can communicate in today’s societies, all thanks to social media. The invention of Facebook simplified everything we know about communication. We can connect to people whenever and wherever, sharing information has never been more convenient and exciting. In Shane Hipps’ Article, â€Å" Is Facebook Killing Our Souls?,† he has no intention to impede technological advancements, instead he wants users to understand technologies with insights. According to my researchRead MoreDoes Social Networking Have A Positive And Or Negative Affect On Individuals?942 Words   |  4 Pagesrelying on their social media accounts for everyday use. However, social networking has greatly influenced the way individuals communicate with one another. An example of the positive effects of social networking include: reconnecting and or connecting with friends/family, receiving information, and building relationships. Social media has a positive impact on individuals in society because individuals are able to connect with one another via email, twitter, facebook, instagram, snapchat, and etc. WithRead MoreThe Importance Of An Effective Communication At A Good Management Organization937 Words   |  4 Pagescan influence Workforce engagement, including: strategic alignment, trust in senior leadership, immediate mangier working relationship, peer culture, personal influence, nature of my career, career support, nature of the job, development opportunities, employee recognition and pay fairness. One of the factor immediate mangier working relationship, plays a major role of affecting employee engagement. Within a good management, organization is necessary to be able to set up a good relationship and haveRead MoreThe Sociological Aspe cts Of The Media And Popular Culture Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe media influences how people experience social life. Media such as newspaper, television and film, are important sources of information, education and entertainment. It can be used to learn more about the world and the people in it. In this regard it can be said that the media represent, interpret and endorse aspects of social experience (O’Shaughnessy and Stadler, 2005). The media are also implicated in social regulation, or in other terms, the government of society. The media are implicatedRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1287 Words   |  6 Pagesand changed human relationships forever. As the Internet grows to be further accessible to a number of households and public areas worldwide, the greater the immensity its aftereffects have on our lives as well. However, the more the Internet becomes habitual for humans, the more people become aware of the profound negative influences that co me along with it. The more significant issues are that people become isolated, suffer from lack of communication, become confused about how to express theirRead MorePersonal Statement And Field Studies979 Words   |  4 Pageswill feel less overwhelmed. Not only does the Internet consume a lot of our valuable time, it also causes many people to loose track of their surroundings. When people are publicly surfing the web it takes their full attention causing them to lose focus of what is happening around them. In the book The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, written by Nicholas Carr, written of technology and culture, Carr states, â€Å"When we’re online, we’re often oblivious to everything else going onRead MoreWhat Has Caused the Increased Use of Digital Technology over the Last 2 Decades and What Effects Has This Had on How Communication Occurs?912 Words   |  4 PagesOver the last two decades, digital technology has become an essential part of people’s daily life and has caused an enormous influence on how the communication occurs. According to the research of the International Telecommunication Union(ITU), there were only 500 million mobile users in the 2000,but ten years later in the 2010,this number reached 4.6 billion(2010).Digital technology is a base two process, because the digitized information is recorded in binary code which is the combination of the

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Home Health Aides On The Lives Of People With Disabilities

Home health aides play an integral role in the lives of people with disabilities. Because home health aides are held responsible for their patient’s overall well-being, it is crucial that they contain the necessary skill sets to perform their job duties correctly. Given that the need for care of children, the elderly, the chronically ill and the disabled has not diminished over the past couple of years, the demand for home health aides has increased substantially over time. With the rise in medical advances that help keep people with serious injuries or illnesses alive and increased longevity, this demand is expected to increase dramatically. However, an issue for concern is that in most cases, home care providers are not licensed, and have no prior training requirements. Given that this occupation requires a great deal of responsibility, it is indispensable that home health aides have the knowledge necessary to administer the help required of them. According to a summary report for home health aides on O’Net Online, â€Å"employees in these occupations need anywhere from a few months to one year of working with experienced employees. A recognized apprenticeship program may be associated with these occupations as well† (O’Net Online). It is evident that the job of a home health care aide is one that requires some type of training, considering that these types of positions are tied to the care and well-being of the patient who can no longer care for themselves. However, anShow MoreRelatedLong Term Care1510 Words   |  7 PagesLong-term care is vital in the United States health care system. As the population ages, more people will need assistance to recover from illness or injury, and others will need end of life care to ease their passing. People who use long-term care are all ages. From young to old, people can receive it if they cannot care for themselves because of a condition, an illness, or an injury that requires assistance for a period of 90 days or more. The concern people face when looking at long-term care is theRead MoreHome health care vs Nursing homes1074 Words   |  5 PagesNURSING HOME VS. HOME HEALTH CARE DOMONIQUE JACKSON COM/170 ELEMENTS OF UNIVERSITY OCTOBER 6, 2014 DEAN DOWLING Running head: NURSING HOME VS HOME HEALTH CARE 1 NURSING HOME VS HOME HEALTH CARE 3 Nursing Home vs. Home Health Care INTRODUCTION Either young or old, we love our family members dearly, and disabilities does not focus on a specific age group. We would love to feel assured that they are being taken care of the best way possible. As we all know, time does not allow us toRead MoreThe Community Care Facility Will Integrate Into The Community1450 Words   |  6 Pagesprovided after hours care resulted in fewer hospitalizations and emergency visits. The residents will be able to attend church to provide some spiritual healing needed by the residents. Based on the information learned from reading in Module 6B, people with either no religious belief or a very strong belief develop better coping mechanisms when dealing with death. Death can be viewedRead MoreBecoming A Nurse Assistant At The Age Of Fourteen Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesyoung adult, I became involved serving in the community. At the age of seventeen, I started working with children. Every child was unique with individual needs. Through that experience, I realized that I want to help people, and that I am interested in working with people with disabilities in the community. I knew that I want to be a nurse. Helping can mean anything. It can mean to support a friend who just had a devastating math examination. It can mean to assist a younger brother’s project due theRead MoreHCS/212 Health Services and Systems Matrix Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Health Services and Systems Matrix Choose at least seven services or systems from the following list: Hospice care World Health Organization (WHO) Public health Rehabilitation center Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Medicare Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS Center for Disease Control (CDC) Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Joint Commission on Accreditation of HealthcareRead MoreNurses Starting Off As A Cna1733 Words   |  7 Pagesleader which is a registered nurse (RN), a licensed practical nurse (LPN), and finally the certified nursing assistant (CNA). When combined, all of these people should have a functional and working team of employees. 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Over a two-year study period, this study showed that patients treated in inpatient rehabilitation facilities have better outcomes, go home earlier and live longer than those treated in skilled nursing facilities.Read MoreComprehensive Mental Health Services ( Cmhs ) Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesComprehensive Mental Health Services (CMHS) is an organization in Kansas City, Missouri dedicated to serving those with mental illnesses, ranging from both low- to high-functioning. This group has a for-profit and non-profit side. The for-profit side utilizes doctors, nurses, and a pharmacy to aide in the non-profit side. Case workers, therapists, addiction recovery, and group homes are all funded via the organization. With diverse staff involvement, CMHS has a multitude of positions rangingRead MoreEssay about Long-Term Care1437 Words   |  6 Pagescare can be defined as a broad set of paid and unpaid services for people who are mentally or physically di sabled, or whose chronic illness places them in need of medical or personal assistance for long periods of time. â€Å"It is estimated that there are more than twelve million Americans of all ages whose mix of serious disability and chronic illness places them at the high risk for functional decline, hospitalization, or nursing home placement.† (Benjamin) Several different populations require long-termRead MoreMarketing Home Health Care1557 Words   |  7 PagesHome Health Care Marketing Plan Marketing Management– MM522 Home Health United is a home healthcare agency working with physicians and hospitals in the Chicago, IL area. This company’s mission statement is the following: â€Å"To be the best and most efficient home health agency, delivering the best services to all our patients who are homebound and need the healthcare.† The company will start out as a small agency with two administrative individuals handling the scheduling and the medical billing

Fpi Assignment Free Essays

string(171) " Ratios EBIT to total funds ratio EBIT to total funds ratio of Harbour-Link Group Berhad is decreasing in the range of 22% from the financial year of 2008 to 2009 and 21\." Executive Summary The report is regarding to the knowledge of analyzing the accounting data of a listed company, using the various accounting information that provided to identify and examine the competitiveness and efficiency of the listed company. Besides, in order to examine the reliability of the data provided, analysis of the balance sheet and income statement is required. The financial information can be obtained from the annual reports of Harbour-Link Group Berhad. We will write a custom essay sample on Fpi Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, the report is required to include the top-down approach which consists of Economic analysis, Industry analysis and Fundamental analysis to analyze the listed company in the point of view for investors. Table of Content 1. Introduction 1. Objectives 2. Analysis of the statement of financial position, the statement of financial performance and cash flow statement. 1. Financial Analysis ratio: Asset efficiency ratio Capital Structure ratio Liquidity Ratio Profitability Ratio Share Price 3. Economic Analysis 4. Industry Analysis . Conclusion 6. Findings 7. References Introduction In this report, Harbour-Link Group Berhad is chosen among the listed companies. Harbour-Link Group Berhad is an investment holding company which provides shipping, forwarding and transportation, plant and machinery hiring, and engineering contract services primarily in Malaysia and Singapore. Harbour-Link Group Berhad was founded in the year of 1975 and it is based in Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia. It was officially listed on Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad in the year of 2004. Today, Harbour-Link Group’s success lies in its strong foundation of expertise in the industry and its ability to established the company as a reputable brand-name within the shipping, sea freight forwarding and transportation industries. Objectives 1. To identify the sources of funds, Balance Sheet and profit or loss of the Harbour-Link Group Berhad. 2. To analyze accounting data of Harbour-Link Group Berhad to examine its financial performance using Financial Performance Indicators (ratio analysis) 3. To analyze the economy status, competitors within the same industries and evaluate the operating efficiencies of the listed company. 4. To examine the competitiveness and efficiency of the listed company by using the various accounting information provided. Financial Analysis Financial analysis ratios are used to examine the financial performance of a company in which it will be reflected in the ratios calculated. (Giles et al, 1994, p. 371) Asset efficiency Ratios Asset turnover ratio From the data calculated, the asset turnover ratio for the financial year of 2008, 2009 and 2010 are 109. 9%, 92. 12% and 79. 65%. This indicates that the Harbour-Link Group Berhad is not doing well in the sales of the products or services because the asset turnover ratio is decreasing from year to year. Debtor turnover (in days) Debtor turnover is the debtor collection period of a company. Harbour-Link Group Berhad had a debtor turnover of 73 days in the year of 2008. In the year of 2009, the debtor t urnover is 77 days. However, its debtor turnover is decreased to 71 days. This reflects that the possibility of default risk for the debtors is decreasing. In fact, this is a good thing in a company. Inventory Turnover Inventory turnover measures how many times the company can sell through its inventory for each year. In the year of 2008, Harbour-Link Group has an inventory turnover of 163 times. The turnover increased to 212 times in the financial year of 2009 but the inventory turnover decreased to 127 times in the year of 2010. This reflects that the company can sell better in the year of 2009 but it dropped tremendously in the year of 2010. Capital structure Ratio Debt to equity ratio The debt to equity ratio of Harbour-link Group Berhad is decreasing from the year of 2008 to 2010 by 2%. This is caused by the reducing of total liabilities and the increasing of the total equity. Time interest earned The times-interest-earned ratio allows a lender to evaluate the company’s ability to meet its debt obligation. It is a ratio of the earning before interest and tax over the interest expenses. The time interest earned has a slightly increased from the year of 2008 to year 2009 but it has a greater decrease in ratio amount from the year of 2009 to year 2010. This means that in the year of 2010, Harbour-Link Group Berhad have lesser earnings are available to meet the interest payments and this makes the company to be more vulnerable to the increases in the interest rates. Liquidity Ratios Liquidity ratio is the ratio that is used to examine the liquidity of a company. It includes: Current Ratio Current ratio is the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. Harbour-link Group Berhad has it current ratio decreasing from the year of 2008 to 2010. Its current ratios are 1. 90, 1. 76 and 1. 57 respectively. The ratio is decreased by 14% and 19%. The data is calculated as shown in the findings. Liquid Ratio Liquid ratio is the ratio of (current assets-inventory) to (current liabilities-bank overdraft). Harbour-Link Group Berhad has borrowings so there is bank overdraft existed and that’s why it is classifies as a debt financing organization. The company has a higher liquid ratio of 2. 34 in the year of 2010 compared to the year of 2008 and 2009 which is 1. 88 and 1. 75 respectively. The liquid ratio of the 3 financial years exceeded 1 and this indicates that the current assets are greater than the current liabilities. Higher liquid ratio reflects better performance of the company. Net working Capital Net working capital is the difference between current assets and the current liabilities. In the three financial years, Harbour-Link Group Berhad has the highest net working capital of RM 51. 4 million in the year of 2008. The figure of net working capital for Harbour-link Group Berhad decreased in the year of 2009 and 2010 by 0. 43% and 12. 32% respectively. This shows that there is a drastic drop in the net working capital of year 2010. Profitability Ratios EBIT to total funds ratio EBIT to total funds ratio of Harbour-Link Group Berhad is decreasing in the range of 22% from the financial year of 2008 to 2009 and 21. 4% from the financial year of 2009 to 2010. The total funds consist of shareholders’ funds and borrowings. According to the annual report, Harbour-Link Group Berhad is practicing debt-financing to raise funds because there is borrowing existed. Return on Equity (ROE) Harbour-link Group shows a decrease in net income from year 2008 to 2010. This situation leads to the decrease in the return on equity (ROE) of 5%. In the financial year of 2010, it has the ROE of 0. 08 which indicates that for every RM1 of the capital that the shareholder invested into, they will get 8% of return. Return on Assets The return on assets measures the productivity of assets in terms of the level of profits each dollar of assets generates. (Karen D. H, 2004, p. 131) The return on assets of the Harbour-Link Group Berhad is decreasing from the financial year of 2008 to 2010. It decreased from 8% of year 2008 to 7% in the year of 2009 and then 5% in the year of 2010. This implies that the productivity of the company’s assets is not doing well in terms of profits that the assets generated. Net Profit Margin The net profit margin is the ratio of net profit after tax to the total revenues. In the financial year of 2008 and 2009, Harbour-Link Group Berhad has the net profit margin figure of 8%. It indicates that the company has a net income of RM0. 08 for each RM1 of sales. However, the net profit margin for the year of 2010 decreased by 2% which is only 6% in the financial year. This shows that for every RM1 of sales made by the company in year 2010, the net income is only RM0. 6 which is RM0. 02 lower than the previous year. Share Price Price to Earnings Ratio (P/E) Price to Earning ratio is calculated by using the share price of the year 2010 over the earnings per share. The market price of Harbour-Link Group Berhad was amounted to RM 0. 72 in the year of 2010. From the annual report of the financial year of 2010, the earning per share is R M 0. 11. By using the formulae, the price to earning per share of 2010 is calculated as shown in the table with a figure of RM 6. 825. Current Economic Analysis Roots of Global financial crisis Global financial crisis are usually caused by bad regulation of the banking sectors, failure of fiscal and monetary policy implemented and so forth. In the year of 2008, Financial crisis began with the declared of bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. which is the fourth largest investment bank in United States. It was a severe ongoing world financial problem that began in U. S in the year of 2008. This recession has entirely hitting on the fragile global economy with the tremendous devastation in countries all around the world. The U. S government was trying to point the finger of the financial crisis to the rating agencies, who knew about the great risk that was coming but kept giving high reliability ratings to companies that did not deserve them and thus investors invested in the wrong companies. The cause of the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc was the accumulation of debt and the increasing of loan defaults. Why it evolved into a world crisis The news on bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers Company led to the drastic fall in the share price all over the world. The company had billions of dollars losses incurred in the mortgage market of United States. (BBC NEWS, 16th Sept 2008) In Lehman Brothers’ case and the other investment banks, the problem was provoked by 2 major factors which are the very high level of leverage ratio and the dependence on short-term debt financing. Commercial banks cannot leverage their equity more than 15 to 1 as they are regulated but for Lehman Brothers Company, it had a leverage ratio of more than 30 to 1. According to the table 1, Lehman Brothers had only $3. 30 of equity for every $100 of loans. With this ratio, it makes the company to be insolvent. Conversely, the instability arose from the leverage problem was aggravated by the strong reliance on the short term debt. Based on table 1(Lehman Brothers Liabilities and shareholder’s equity), at the beginning of the crisis, the company financed greater than 50% of the assets. Reliance on short term debt financing is profitable indeed when it comes to a low interest rate market environment. However, when the company faced rumors of the insolvency problem, the short term lenders will start to have doubt on the company’s performance and therefore, they will start to withdraw their funds from the company for self interest protection. This scenario will lead to a shortage of liquidity for the borrower and thus the company tends to default. After the crisis began, Lehman Brothers did try to decrease its leverage and reduce its dependence on the short term borrowing but it was too late for them to amend the situation and therefore, bankruptcy occurred. The bankruptcy of Lehman’s brother forced the reassessment of risk in the market by looking at the price of the credit default trades. Impact on Malaysia and world economies The crisis started in the year of 2008 had a great hit on Malaysia and world economies. It causes the gas price had a drastic drop, decreasing of the value of real estates, the increasing of unemployment rate, Federal debt crisis and inflation. There is a global explosion in commodities price. The price of crude oil was remaining at high levels for few years till the end of 2008, the crude oil price dropped from the peak in July 2008 of US$145 to US$30. 28 per barrel in December 2008. (Forbes, 2008) According to the findings in table 2, the unemployment rate of Malaysia increased by 3. 13% from the year of 2008 to 2009 and 12. 12% from the year of 2009 to 2010. Malaysian future economic At first, Malaysia was aiming to have 9% of average annual Growth Domestic Product (GDP) until 2020. Suddenly, according to the Economic Planning Unit, the government noted that the number is absurd then they changed and told that Malaysia was capable to achieve 5. 4% of Growth Domestic Product (GDP) annually over the next 10 years to achieve the objective of becoming a high income economy by 2020, which is the vision 2020 (East Asia Forum, 2009). These seem that Malaysia’s economic future is uncertainty. It keeps changing. Besides, Malaysia’s government has a close relationship with its private businesses. Because of the relationship with some business groups have ostensibly led to the emergence of political cronies with unlimited access to public resources. Not only the relationship that mention above but also the experience of neighbouring Indonesia shows that it is a dangerous trend that could negatively affect economic development in the future. In this matter, changes in political leadership led to unstable political environment. Although it does not directly effect on Malaysia, it threatens he influx of refugees caused damage regional stability and social stability. Malaysia’s maritime economy can be defined as the production and manner of use of the range of goods and services that are linked to the maritime sector (Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman, 1997). It covers the activities that are resource based, including fisheries, oil and gas, marine biotechnology and those that are service base d such as shipping ports, shipbuilding and repair and the myriad range of ancillary maritime services (Maritime Institute of Malaysia,2005). Malaysia’s main concern is the future of marine economy of the future of Malaysian trade, because the country’s foreign and domestic trade, or even almost totally dependent on sea transport facilities. From this we can know that it will have a very bright prospect in maritime economy. If Malaysia is to achieve the goals of industrialization, productivity-driven growth and enhancing competitiveness will depend on how the maritime sector is managed. The maritime sector has a main role to play in enhancing productivity-driven growth. An important element that will affect efforts to sustain international competitiveness is productivity. But, for longer term, Malaysia will need to maintain its international competitiveness, since there is rising competition from other emerging markets for Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) and for the transfer of modern technologies. Environmental issues are also important for Malaysia in the longer term as deforestation and global climate change may destabilize the country’s agriculture, which still plays an important role in the national economy. What is the most important is the political will effect a change to system-centred thinking in planning the future of the economy. So, a stable political environment is very important to Malaysia. If the political environment of Malaysia is good, it will have a bright future of economy. Solutions to the Global Financial Crisis or crises in general. Banks and financial institutions can cause a downswing of an economy because of their ignorance of the business cycle. Besides, bankers are greedy with the fat bonuses that they will gain if they get the highest market shares results. When the economy is doing well, they expect that there will be no recession problem is going to occur and therefore they will give loans to their customers without considering their customers’ affordability to repay the loans. Once their customers cannot afford to repay the loans, recession will occurs. To overcome these crisis problems, several steps can be used. Government and bankers often intervene to smooth the peaks and valleys of the economic cycle. There are two objectives that the government and bankers can do to prevent serious downswing of an economy. 1) Speedy intervention to prevent a self-perpetuating downward spiral, which means protecting depositors at minimal long term cost to the taxpayer. For example, the Federal reserve may restrict the money supply in good times to slow the expansion phase of the economic cycle, or deficit spend and cut interest rates to ease the recessionary phase of an economic cycle. 2) Ensure so far as possible that future booms are less exaggerated. This has implications for the form of any rescue package, and for the system of financial oversight that is put in place. The growth of consumer credits will increase the consumption of the consumer. The increase in the consumption will increase the aggregate demand of the country whereby AD equals to C + I + G + (X-M). Mc Taggart et al, 2007 p. 766). When the AD is increasing, it means that GDP is also increasing. This shows that the consumer credits provided will also be increased and therefore people will keep on borrowing money from the banks for consumption. This situation actually can amplify the business cycle and extend the upswing of the economy. Industry analysis The domestic and the world economy were in a downturn in the year of 2009. All the industry was affected and they are making an effort to maintain their previous performance and growth momentum. In the year of 2009, Harbour-Link Group Berhad suffered revenue declined by 5. 9% to RM 327. 6 million. The revenue decreased again by 5. 76% to RM 308. 7 million compare to the previous year due to lower selling prices and softer consumer demand. One of the Company competitors, Swee Joo Berhad was also suffered by achieved a turnover of RM 346. 7 million which is 9. 9% lower than the previous financial period. The lower turnover was also impacted by the recovery state for the economy. Swee Joo Berhad has a reduce in current ratio from 0. 648 to 0. 278 which seems to be lower than that of the Harbour-Link Group Berhad and therefore Harbour-link seems to have a better current ratio. Swee Joo Berhad has a negative figure for its Earnings before interest and tax of -11. 32 million and -176. 82 million in the year of 2009 and 2010. This is a huge loss for the company. It shows that Harbour-Link has a better performance than its major competitor, Swee Joo Berhad. Although the economy showed signs of recovery, but most of the economists hold that the sustained global recovery is still vague. This situation greatly influenced the consumers spending behavior. According to the Edge, Harbour-Link Unit obtained the secured contracts of RM75. 2 to supply gantry cranes for the Bintulu Port Sdn Bhd. The contracts were expected to be done in the year of 2012 and it’s also expected to escalate the future revenue and earnings positively for Harbour-Link Group Berhad. (The Edge, 11 April 2011) There are several ways for the companies to perform better during this hard period. However, the suppliers are also important causes which will affect the company performance. Although Harbour-Link Group Berhad suffered lower revenue during the year, however, it obtained quite a number of big projects with a favorable amount of contracts worth which is believed to boost the revenues for the future of the company itself. This scenario will assist Harbour-Link Group Berhad to create a stronger visibility and allow it to be well positioned for the economic recovery. Findings [pic] Table 1 shows Lehman Brothers Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity Source: Lehman Annual Reports |Year |Unemployment Rate |Percentage Change | |2006 |3. 60 | | |2007 |3. 50 |-2. 78% | |2008 |3. 20 |-8. 7% | |2009 |3. 30 |3. 13% | |2010 |3. 50 |12. 12% | Table 2 shows the unemployment rate in Malaysia Source: CIA World Factbook Conclusion In conclusion, although the Harbour-Link Group Berhad has a downturn in its overall performances in the financial year of 2009 and 2010 as the results shown in the findings, but it has a better performance than its main competitor, Swee Joo Berhad in the shipping industries. The Harbour-Link Group Berhad is overall well organized in its financial statements as shown in the annual reports and it can be categorized as a profitable and successful listed company in Malaysia. On the perspective of investors, Harbour-link is counted as a good investment company and therefore investors are advised to consider Harbour-link Group Berhad as one of their investment company because the company has a good expectation to have a huge increase in its future economic benefits. The future economy of Malaysia is expected to have a good return and therefore this ensure that Harbour-Link Group Berhad is a wise investment for the future benefits. References Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman, 1997, The Maritime Economy of Malaysia, Pelanduk Publication BBC News, 16 September 2008, http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/7615931. stm Bursa Malaysia 2010- Equities, Bursa Malaysia Berhad, viewed on 26 April 2011 http://www. bursamalaysia. com/website/bm/market_information/prices/ East Asia Forum, Malaysia’s Economic Future, view on 1 May 2011, http://www. eastasiaforum. org/2009/11/24/malaysias-economic-future/ Encyclopedia of the Nations, Malaysia- Future Trends, viewed on 2 May 2011, http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com/economies/Asia-and-the-Pacific/Malaysia-FUTURE-TRENDS. html Forbes 2008- Crude Oil Prices 1861 – 2009, Forbes. com 2010, viewed on28 April 2011, http://www. forbes. com/2008/05/13/oil-prices-1861-today-real-vs-nominal_flash2. html Giles, R Capel, J 1994, Finance and accounting, 3rd Edition, MacMillan, London Harbour-Link Group Berhad 2011, harbour. com. my; Total Logistics EPCC Provider N. V 20092010, Harbour-Link Group Berhad, viewed on 22 April 2011, http://www. harbour. om. my/ Karen D. Halpern, 2004, Understanding Finance: Money, Capital and investments, Pearson, New Jersey. Maritime Institute of Malaysia, Malaysia and Port Competitiveness, 2005 Mc Taggart et al, 2007, Macroeconomics, 5th Edition, Pearson, Australia The Edge Financial Daily, 11 April 2011 viewed on 24 April 2011. http://www. theedgemalaysia. com/ The Star Online 2011- Market watch, Star Publica tions (M) Berhad, viewed on 24 April 2011, http://biz. thestar. com. my/marketwatch/charts/l. asp? code=2062~HARBOURp1=0. 99p2=0. 985p3=0. 99p4=0. 985p5=0. 99p6=0p7=0. 00p8=915p9=0. 532 How to cite Fpi Assignment, Papers

Capital Markets-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Why would people and countries in the "Gulf region or some Asian countries" have large holdings of good collateral such as US Treasuries? 2.Whats the difference between a bilateral and triparty repo? Draw diagrams of each. 3.A 10 percent haircut on a repo is equivalent to what initial LVR on a margin loan? 4.In Singhs 2011 paper in Figure 2 Representative Leverage Levels in some HF strategies, what is the leverage ratio depicted? A debt-to-equity or debt-to-assets ratio? State your reasons. 5.In Singhs 2011 paper in Figure 2 Representative Leverage Levels in some HF strategies, why might hedge funds use so much leverage for arbitrage compared to other strategies? 6.In Singhs 2011 paper in Figure 2 Representative Leverage Levels in some HF strategies, how exactly can hedge funds long credit using leverage? Be specific. 7.What is the size of the global rehypothecation shadow banking money supply discussed by Manmohan Singh in either of his articles? Use the most up-to-date figure. Answers: 1.These regions need large holdings of good collateral like US Treasuries because transacting on wholesale capital markets must be secured by the marketable collateral. The large banks and dealers utilize and re-utilize collateral that nonbanks pledge as a mechanism of lubricating global financial system because collaterals are re-usable and secured funding for dealers (Fuhrer, Guggenheim and Schumacher 2016). These collateral require balance sheet space that allow movement within the financial systems. However, some novel regulations which limit private sector bank balance sheets could have the impact of impeding the flow of collateral. These collaterals are used to finance their business as the respective banks still use this old benchmark when giving loans due to high default risks in both Gulf region and Asian regions. Banks need these marketable security which are more liquid to ensure their safety even in the case of default. 2.A tri-party repo (repurchase agreement) is the transactions for which the post-trade processing-selection of collateral, payment and settlement; custody as well as management during the transaction life-remains outsourced by parties to the agent of the third party. The tri-party agents remain the custodian banks (Wee et al. 2015). The utilization of the tri-party service leaves the relationship between parties unchanged because the tri-party agent is merely an urgent who does partake in risk of transaction. A bilateral repo is the repurchase agreement between parties. Here, the corporate investor takes the responsibilities for the administrative process including both confirmation and settlement of trade and everyday management of collateral. It differs from the tri-party repo, whereby an agent acts as the middleman between the 2 principal parties as well as deal with the associated administrative processes (Keller, Bouveret, Picillo, Liu and Mazzacurati 2014). 3.A haircut describes the percentage discount deducted from market value of security offered as repo collateral to compute purchase price. Haircut is arrived by ((collateral market value less purchase price)/ market value)) X 100. LVR (loan-to-ratio-value describes a financial ratio lenders use when expressing loan to value ratio of asset purchased. Thus where haircut is 10%, the LVR is 90% 4.The leverage ratio depicted here is a debt-to-equity. This is seen by having equity (long or short) and credit (long or short) 5.Hedge funds might utilize so much leverage for arbitrage as opposed to other strategies because it is effective in increasing passive income than other strategies. By using the leveraging, the person will have increased his wealth compared to other risky strategies. 6.Hedge funds long credit use leverage in many ways. The security is purchased on margin using borrowed funds from a broker then trades on margin to amplify gains (Grill, Schmedders, Kubler and Brumm 2017). An example is where one borrows on martin to boost magnitude/bet on their investment. For example, the hedge fund might raise $100 million and proceed to borrow extra 400 million dollars to boost the size of investment. 7.Rehypothecation implies the utilization of financial collateral by the takers as security for individual obligations to certain third party that is onward pledging (Claessens and Ratnovski 2014). The size of the global rehypothecation stood at $1.6 trillion according to Manmohan Singh in 2007. References Claessens, S. and Ratnovski, L., 2014. What is shadow banking? (No. 14-25). International Monetary Fund. Fuhrer, L., Guggenheim, B. and Schumacher, S., 2016. Re?Use of Collateral in the Repo Market. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 48(6), pp.1169-1193. Grill, M., Schmedders, K., Kubler, F. and Brumm, J., 2017. Re-use of Collateral: Leverage, Volatility, and Welfare. In 2017 Meeting Papers (No. 697). Society for Economic Dynamics. Keller, J., Bouveret, A., Picillo, C., Liu, Z. and Mazzacurati, J., 2014. Securities financing transactions and the (re) use of collateral in EuropeAn analysis of the first data collection conducted by the ESRB from a sample of European banks and agent lenders (No. 06). European Systemic Risk Board. Wee, P., Trivedi, A., Volny, O., Qazi, E., d'Esterre, C., Ahn, S.H., Demchuk, A., Goyal, M., Hill, M. and Menon, B., 2015. Good collateral status and favorable clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke: first systematic review and meta-analysis.

Microscope Types Essay Example For Students

Microscope Types Essay The use of a microscope is to provide a magnified view of objects (that arebeing analysed) that are otherwise to small to be seen by the naked eye. Theycan be described according to their illumination and lens arrangement. (i)Microscopes are able to use either light or electrons as their illuminationsource, which are respectively known as light powered and electron microscopes. (ii) Monocular microscopes have a single eye piece where as binocularmicroscopes posses two eye pieces, position side by side for simultaneousviewing with both eyes. (iii) A simple microscope consists of one single lenssystem where as a compound microscope consists of two main lens systems, anocular and objective, which are superimposed over each other to provide greatermagnification. In Biology, microscopes can also be described according to somespecific purpose such as dissecting microscopes, which are commonly referred, asdissectors are especially suitable for use while dissecting very small ordelicate specimens. Microscopes are usually equipped with a series ofinterchangeable eyepiece lenses (oculars), each with different individualmagnifications. Majority of ocular magnification is as followed: X4, X5, X6, X7,X8, X10, X12, and X15. On a typical monocular microscope objectivesmagnification found is as followed: X4 = SCANNING POWER = S.P. X10 = LOW POWER =L.P. X40 = HIGH POWER = H .P. To find the overall magnification factor obtainedwhen using any microscope is calculated by the following mathematical formula:OCULAR magnification X OBJECTIVE magnification = OVERALL magnification Thecondenser lens is situated below the stage and causes light rays to converge onto the specimen situated on the stage, thus illuminating is adequately whenmagnified by the viewing lens. The amount of light passing through the condenserlens can be varied by opening and closing the iris diaphragm, situated at thebottom of the condenser. AIM: (i) To become familiar with the features andfunction of the monocular and stereo microscopes. (ii) To gain first handexperience in sketching scientific diagrams from prepared slides. EQUIPMENTUSED: Monocular microscopes, microscope lamp, lens cleaning tissue,lens-cleaning fluid, and various prepared slides. PROCEDURE: When using amonocular microscope, adjust the condenser lens so that it comes to rest againstthe bottom of the stage. Wind it down a bout 2mm below this level; now its inthe ideal position. The iris diaphragm should also be readjusted each time aslide is moved from S.P to L.P. H.P. Obtain the first of the prepared slides andexamine it under the scanning power. (ALWAYS begin with the S.P. then the L.P. and finally the H.P.! NEVER the other way round!). Adjust the course focussingmechanism followed by the fine focus knob this will assure maximum clarity. Having adjusted the course focus whilst operating the scanning power setting,there is no need to use it again with either the L.P. or H.P. magnifications. Use only the FINE FOCUS with these magnifications. N.B When operating eitherfocussing mechanism, ALWAYS adjust the two wheels TOWARDS yourself, NEVER awayfrom you! This will insure that the objective moves AWAY from the side NOTtowards it, therefore the objective it CANNOT be rammed through the specimenslide! In Scientific sketching, try to keep BOTH eyes open, using one to peerdown the microscope, and using the other eye to draw with. In addition, thesketches should ALWAYS include: A Title, Magnification factor, Labels (ifpossible) and be approximately -1 full page in size. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION:Microscopes have many components, but one component was used at all times andmost likely without even noticing you used it. That component is sits at the topof the microscope, which you look through and it is call the ocular. The ocularis interchangeable with different individual magnifications including X10, whichwas used in examining all prepared slides. Therefore, even if the objectivemag nification was X4 (S.P.), X10 (L.P.), or X40 (H.P.) the ocular did not changeit was still the same magnification of X10. By using the mathematic formula ofOcular times, Objective will equal to the overall magnification you were usingwhile examining a slide. These magnifications were: OCULAR X OBJECTIVE = OVERALLMAGNIFICATION FACTOR X10 X X4 = 40 times = S.P. X10 X X10 = 100 times = L.P. X10X X40 = 400 times = H.P. The specimens that are on slides come in many comecolours and shape it depends on what specimen and which stain is used. In thisexperiment the prepared side specimens that were examined were an Ovary andTestes Colon Appendix that were pink, Striated Muscle was a purple red colour,and Grass Root Tip came in three colours red light blue and cream. Each slidewas examined with Scanning power, Low power, and High power, there aretremendous amounts of differences between the sides. Cause of out five the sidesselected four are of from different parts of an animal and one is a pla nt slide. The main difference is between the magnification factors, scanning power (S.P.)is the only one that enables you to view all or most of the specimen section. Viewing in S.P. the specimen section structure is very cramped with every thingvery close together (refer to sketches). When changing to low power (L.P.) thespecimen section structure is larger where the section is a lot more freeenabling the viewer to view in between the sections components (refer tosketches). High power (H.P.) is where the specimen section structures is hugeand more unattached compared to those of the S.P. and L.P. Therefore, in H.P. Spontaneous Generation EssayAnal Canal (C) The anal canal presents longitudinal folds, anal columns,that become jointed at the orifice of the anus to form anal valves andintervening anal sinuses. The epithelium changes from the simple columnar of therectum, to simple cuboidal at the anal valves, to epidermis at the orifice ofthe anus. Circumanal glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands are presenthere. The submucosa is rich in vascular supply, while the muscularis externaforms the internal anal sphincter muscle. An adventitia connects the anus to thesurrounding structures. STRIATED MUSCLES Longitudinal Section (A) Connectivetissue elements are clearly identifiable because of the presence of the nucleithat are considerably smaller than those of cardiac muscle cells. The connectivetissue is rich in vascular components, especially capillaries. The endomysium ispresent but indistinct. Longitudinal Section (B) Cardiac muscle cells fromlong, branching, and anastomosing muscle fibers Bluntly oval nuclei are large,are centrally located within the cell, and appearing somewhat vesicular. A and Ibands are present but are not as clearly defined as in skeletal muscle. Intercalated discs, marking the boundaries of contiguous cardiac muscle cell,may be indistinct unless special staining techniques are used. Purkinje fibersare occasionally evident. ROOT TIP As root tissues differentiate behind thegrowing tip, they form a pattern of cylinders (tubes) within the cylinders. Eachcylinder is composed of tissue that has a specific role to play for the plant. Epidermis The outermost cylinder is only cell in thickness and is called theepidermis. This encloses and protects the underlying tissues. Some epidermiscells differentiate into hair cells. These stick out into surrounding soilspaces and absorb water and selected mineral ions. Cortex Parenchyma A verythick cylinder is found just under the epidermis. This called the cortex orcortex parenchyma. Parenchyma cells store excess nutrients, usually in the formof starch. These cells are loosely packed so that the spaces between them candirect water and mineral ions coming from root hairs and cortex spaces anddirects them into the central vascular core. Pericycle Another thin cylinderis found under the endodermis, the pericycle. Pericycle cells can function likemeristem and mitotically produce secondary or branch roots. The pericycle alsoconstitutes the outer boundary of the vascular core, a structure that containsthe internal, liquid transport highways of the plant in the form of highlyspecial ised tube like or conducting tissues. Vascular Cylinder The vascularcylinder is comprised of tissues that transport nutrients. Water and mineralions taken in by root hairs and concentrated into the core by the endodermis aretransported up into the plant shoot by xylem tubes. Sugar rich fluid,sucrose, made in the leaves as glucose is transported by phloem sieve tubes intothe root core, where it is distributed to root cells for energy production orstorage as starch in the cortex parenchyma. Xylem and phloem tissues areexcellent examples of how cell structure dictates function. Xylem Cells (A)Xylem cells have to die before they can serve the transport needs of the plant. Dead xylem cells leave behind a thick, hollow, tubular wall, which joins end toend with other xylem walls to form a microscopic but strong and fixable tube,which extends from root to leaf. Xylem walls have slit like openings orpits, which provide for the sideways transfer of water and mineral ions intosurrounding tissue. Close examination of these wall shows that their thicknessis due to cellulose and a cement like substance call lignin. Lignin creates thewood in woody plants some walls are reinforced with internal rings or spirals. These rings of lignin help to support the plant. Xylem tubes are sometimescalled vessels, i.e. composed of vessel cells, or elements. Primitive plantssuch as pines and firs have tracheid xylem which thinner walls and tapered ends. Phloem (B) Phloem is made up of two basic cell types, both of which areliving when they serve the transport needs of the plant. The lager cell type isa sieve tube member; the small is a companion cell. The sieve tubes member,though living, does not have a nucleus and therefore does not control its ownmetabolism. What the needs it has are apparently provide for by the tinycompanion cell that is attached to the sieve tube member. Sieve tubes membersare very much smaller and have thinner walls than xylem, but like xylem, theyjoin end to end to form sieve tubes that extend leaves to roots. These taketheir name from the tiny, sieve like pores in their walls and the larger porescalled sieve plates that separate one member from another. Pores provide for thehorizontal and vertical movement of the sugar rich sap that slowly movesdown from the leaves, supplying energy, and elements to all plant tissues. Largeparenchymal cells called pith may also be associated with the vascular cylinderphloem .